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Other institutes and colleges were established soon after in the United States, Great Britain, and continental Europe. The first college of pharmacy was founded in the United States in 1821 and is now known as the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. As the training of the physician underwent changes from the apprenticeship system to formal educational courses, so did the training of the pharmacist. The history of pharmaceutical education has closely followed that of medical education. Subscribe Now The practice of pharmacy Education Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The pharmacist continues, however, to fulfill the prescriber’s intentions by providing advice and information by formulating, storing, and providing correct dosage forms and by assuring the efficacy and quality of the dispensed or supplied medicinal product. The scope for extemporaneous compounding of medicines was much diminished and with it the need for the manipulative skills that were previously applied by the pharmacist to the preparation of bougies, cachets, pills, plasters, and potions. It also changed the role of the pharmacist. The development of the pharmaceutical industry since World War II led to the discovery and use of new and effective drug substances. In America, Benjamin Franklin took a pivotal step in keeping the two professions separate when he appointed an apothecary to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
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The trend toward specialization was later reinforced by a law enacted by the city council of Bruges in 1683, forbidding physicians to prepare medications for their patients. The Arabian influence in Europe during the 8th century ad, however, brought about the practice of separate duties for the pharmacist and physician. In ancient Greece and Rome and during the Middle Ages in Europe, the art of healing recognized a separation between the duties of the physician and those of the herbalist, who supplied the physician with the raw materials from which to make medicines. The physician-priests of Egypt were divided into two classes: those who visited the sick and those who remained in the temple and prepared remedies for the patients. In the Greek legend, Asclepius, the god of the healing art, delegated to Hygieia the duty of compounding his remedies. When the first person expressed juice from a succulent leaf to apply to a wound, this art was being practiced. The science that embraces knowledge of drugs with special reference to the mechanism of their action in the treatment of disease is pharmacology. They compound physicians’, dentists’, and veterinarians’ prescriptions for drugs. Pharmacists are responsible for the preparation of the dosage forms of drugs, such as tablets, capsules, and sterile solutions for injection. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agents. Pharmacy, the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs.
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